Cone Biopsy

Removing abnormal cervical tissue to prevent cervical cancer

A cone biopsy is a minor surgical procedure to remove a cone-shaped piece of the cervix that contains abnormal cells. It is usually performed after a cervical screening (smear test) or colposcopy has detected high-grade precancerous cells. By excising the affected tissue, a cone biopsy helps confirm the diagnosis and prevents the abnormal cells from developing into cervical cancer.

Why might you need it?
A cone biopsy is typically performed to:

• Remove significant abnormal cervical cells detected during a smear test (moderate to severe dyskaryosis)
• Excise precancerous changes (such as CIN2 or CIN3) confirmed by a colposcopy biopsy
• Treat very early-stage cervical cancer confined to the surface of the cervix

This procedure is recommended to ensure that any problematic cells are completely removed and examined, safeguarding your long-term cervical health.

What does the procedure involve?

• The procedure is usually carried out under general anaesthetic as a day-case, so you can go home the same day.
• A speculum is inserted into the vagina (similar to during a smear test) to allow access to the cervix.
• The surgeon removes a small cone-shaped piece of the cervical tissue containing the abnormal cells. This may be done using a surgical scalpel or a fine heated loop.
• The removed tissue is sent to a laboratory for analysis to verify that all the abnormal cells have been removed. In some cases, a dissolvable stitch or a packing gauze may be placed to help control bleeding, which is removed before you go home.

What to expect during recovery
It is normal to experience some period-like cramping and light vaginal bleeding or discharge for up to 2-4 weeks after a cone biopsy. You should rest for a day or two after the procedure, but most women feel well enough to resume light daily activities within a couple of days. To allow your cervix to heal and reduce the risk of infection, you will be advised to avoid sexual intercourse, tampon use, swimming, and heavy exercise for about 4 weeks. Over-the-counter pain relief (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen) can help with any mild discomfort. A follow-up appointment is usually scheduled about 6 weeks later to ensure proper healing and discuss the results.

What are the benefits?

• Removes abnormal cells in one go, greatly reducing the risk of cervical cancer developing
• Provides a definitive diagnosis by allowing a thorough laboratory examination of the tissue
• Quick procedure and recovery compared to more extensive surgery (no overnight hospital stay in most cases)
• High success rate – often no further treatment is needed apart from routine follow-up smear tests

If you have been advised to have a cone biopsy due to abnormal cervical cells and have questions about the process or recovery, we’re here to help and reassure you at every step. Feel free to contact us for advice or to discuss your treatment plan.